𝙊𝙑𝙀𝙍 𝙑𝙄𝙀𝙒 𝙊𝙁 𝙄𝙉𝘿𝙄𝘼𝙉 𝙋𝙊𝙇𝙄𝙏𝙔 𝘽𝙔 𝙈. 𝙇𝘼𝙓𝙈𝙄𝙆𝘼𝙉𝙏

Sources of the Constitution at a Glance

Sources Features Borrowed :

1. Government of India Act of 193

                    •Federal Scheme,

                     • Office of governor,

                      • Judiciary, 

                       •Public Service

                       •Commissions,

                       • Emergency  provisions and                                        administrative details.

2. British Constitution

                       • Parliamentary government 

                       •Rule of Law, 

                       •Legislative procedure

                       •Single citizenship,

                       • Cabinet system,

                       •prerogative writs

                       • parliamentary privileges and                                    bicameralism.

3. US Constitution

                      •Fundamental rights

                      •Independence of judiciary,

                      •Judicial review,

                      •Impeachment of the president,

                       •Removal of Supreme Court and                               Highcourt judges and post of                                   Vice-president.

4. Irish Constitution 

                       •Directive Principles of   State                                    Policy,

                      •Nomination of member to                                          Rajya Sabha

                      •Method of election of president.

5 Canadian constitution

                       • Residuary 𝙥𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧

6 Germany constitution 

                      • Emergency 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙫𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣

7 Australian constitution

                        • Concurrent list 

                         •Freedom of trade and                                                commerce

8 South African constitution

                         •Procedure  for amendment                                        simple function by measuring                                    them.  

 9.USSR Constitution

                           • Fundamental duties

Types of majority is defined in Indian Constitution

1.Simple majority

1.More than 50% of members present and voting member of house

• Following provisions are included in it

• No confidence motion 

•confidence motion

•Vote of thanks to president 

•Adjournment bill

•Ratification of amendment by state legislature 

•Money bill ,financial bill 

•Election of Chairman of Rajya Sabha ,s

Speaker and deputy speaker of Lok Sabha and legislative assembly. 

2.Absolute majority

•More than 50% of total strength of house

• Nowhere used in isolation .It is used in association with other majorities. 

3.Effective majority

• More than total strength of house excluding vecancy 

•Provision include under it are 

•Article 67 (b ) -passing of resolution in Rajya Sabha for removal of vice president 

•Removal of Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha and legislative council and removal of speaker and deputy speaker of Lok Sabha and legislative assembly. 

4.Special majority and there are three types of special majority 

A .Special majority under article 249 

•More than or equal to 2/3 present and voting 

•Example- Rajya Sabha authorising Parliament for creation of all Indian service article (312 ) 

 B.Special majority under Article 368

• Relating to amendment of constitution 

• 2/3 present and voting plus maturity of total membership of house 

••example 

•Removal of Supreme Court and High Court Judges

  C. Special majority under article 61 

 • More than two third of total member of house 

  •Impeachment of president